Psilocybe cubensis
Singer noted that Psilocybe cubensis had psychoactive properties in 1949.
In Australia, the use of psychoactive mushrooms grew rapidly between 1969 and 1975.
In a 1992 paper, locals and tourists in Thailand were reported to consume P. cubensis and related species in mushroom omelets—particularly in Ko Samui and Ko Pha-ngan. At times, omelets were adulterated with LSD, resulting in prolonged intoxication. A thriving subculture had developed in the region. Other localities, such as Hat Yai, Ko Samet, and Chiang Mai, also had some reported usage.
In 1996, jars of honey containing Psilocybe cubensis were confiscated at the Dutch-German border. Upon examination, it was revealed that jars of honey containing psychedelic mushrooms were being sold at Dutch coffee shops.
P. cubensis is probably the most widely known of the psilocybin-containing mushrooms used for triggering psychedelic experiences after ingestion. Its major psychoactive compounds are:
Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
Psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)
Baeocystin (4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine)
Norbaeocystin (4-phosphoryloxytryptamine)
Aeruginascin (N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine)
The concentrations of psilocin and psilocybin, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, are in the range of 0.14–0.42% (wet weight) and 0.37–1.30% (dry weight) in the whole mushroom 0.17–0.78% (wet weight) and 0.44–1.35% (dry weight) in the cap, and 0.09%–0.30% (wet weight) and 0.05–1.27% (dry weight) in the stem, respectively.[17] For quickly and practically measuring the psychoactive contents of most healthy Psilocybe cubensis varieties, it can generally be assumed that there is approximately 15 mg (+/- 5 mg) of psilocybin per gram of dried mushroom.[18] Furthermore, due to factors such as age and storage method, the psilocybin and psilocin content of a given sample of mushrooms will vary.
Individual body composition, brain chemistry and psychological predisposition play a significant role in determining appropriate doses. For a modest psychedelic effect, a minimum of one gram of dried Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms is ingested orally, 0.25–1 gram is usually sufficient to produce a mild effect, 1–2.5 grams usually provides a moderate effect and 2.5 grams and higher usually produces strong effects.[19] For most people, 3.5 dried grams (1/8 oz) would be considered a high dose and may produce an intense experience; this is, however, typically considered a standard dose among recreational users. Body composition (usually weight) should be taken into account when calculating dosage. For many individuals, doses above three grams may be overwhelming. For a few rare people, doses as small as 0.25 gram can produce full-blown effects normally associated with very high doses. For most people, however, that dose level would have virtually no effects.
There are many different ways to ingest Psilocybe cubensis. Users may prefer to take them raw, freshly harvested, or dried and preserved. It is also possible to prepare culinary dishes such as pasta or tea with the mushrooms. However, the psychoactive compounds begin to break down rapidly at temperatures exceeding 100 °C (212 °F).[20] Another method of ingestion known as "Lemon Tekking" involves combining pulverized Psilocybe cubensis with a concentrated citrus juice with a pH of ~2. Many users believe that a considerable amount of the psilocybin will have been dephosphorylated into psilocin, the psychoactive metabolite, by citric acid. However, this claim is not substantiated by the literature on the metabolism of psilocybin, as dephosphorylation is known to be mediated by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in humans.[21] It is therefore more likely that citric acid mostly helps in breakdown of mushroom cells, aiding in digestion and psilocybin release.[citation needed] The "Lemon Tekk" method of consumption results in a more rapid onset and can offer easier digestion or reduced "come-up pressure" associated with raw consumption.[22] Psilocybe cubensis can also be taken in conjunction with other botanicals such as turmeric, ginger, and black pepper. A 2019 study observed turmeric to act as a mild MAOI, which, when combined with psilocin, potentiates the biochemical interactions between serotonin receptors and psilocin, creating an entourage effect.
Upon ingestion, effects usually begin after approximately 20–60 minutes (depending on the method of ingestion and stomach contents) and may last from four to ten hours, depending on dosage and individual biochemistry. Visual distortions often occur, including walls that seem to breathe, a vivid enhancement of colors, and the animation of organic shapes.[citation needed]
The effects of high doses can be overwhelming depending on the particular phenotype of cubensis, grow method, and the individual. It is recommended not to eat wild mushrooms without properly identifying them as they may be poisonous. In particular, similar species include mushrooms of the genus Galerina and Pholiotina rugosa—all potentially deadly—and Chlorophyllum molybdites. All of these grow in pastures, a similar habitat to that preferred by P. cubensis.
Medical Treatment
Medical treatment is a term for systemic treatments that travel through the bloodstream (either by IV administration or by pills that are absorbed in the gut). This type of treatment can reach cancer cells anywhere in the body. A lung cancer treatment plan can include systemic treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immunotherapies administered by a specialized lung cancer medical oncologist.
Medical treatments for lung cancer include:
Chemotherapy: Powerful medications that kill rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells, and can be used before or after surgery
Targeted therapies: Medications that target specific mutations in cancer cells that are not found in normal cells
Immunotherapy: Drugs that boost the immune system, enabling a patient’s own white blood cells to recognize cancer cells and destroy them
Surgery for Lung Cancer
Often, early-stage lung cancer can be treated with surgery alone or in combination with medical treatment or radiation therapy. We can perform advanced, minimally invasive surgery – such as robotic lobectomy – that can successfully treat lung cancer.
Types of lung cancer surgery include:
Segmentectomy or wedge resection: Removal of part of a section (lobe)
Lobectomy: Removal of an entire lobe of a lung
Pneumonectomy: Removal of the entire lung
The type of surgery we recommend depends on the size and location of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health.
Robotic Lobectomy for Lung Cancer
Lobectomy, or the surgical removal of a cancerous lobe in the lung, is the standard treatment of early-stage, non-small cell lung cancer. Robotic surgery is performed with the surgeon sitting at a console, manipulating small instruments in the patient’s body. Because the instruments are so small, robotic lobectomy is performed through a few tiny incisions between the ribs, which means that patients can avoid a large incision in the chest.
Benefits of robotic surgery include:
Less pain
Faster recovery
Reduced chance of infection
Quicker return to normal activity
Less scarring
Lung Cancer Symptoms
While lung cancer is the second most common cancer in the United States, it’s not often detected early.
Unlike some other cancers, lung cancer usually presents no noticeable symptoms until it’s in an advanced stage. When the tumor grows large enough to press against other organs, it causes pain and discomfort. Sometimes, though, earlier warning signs can be a signal to call the doctor.
Often, before patients receive a lung cancer diagnosis, they have been experiencing symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, recurring respiratory infections or chest pain for a while. But since these symptoms have other, more common and less serious causes, the person may wait to see a doctor.
“While every cough or case of bronchitis isn’t a reason to believe you have lung cancer, if you are at high risk of developing lung cancer, paying attention to the early warning signs is critical,” says Russell Hales, a radiation oncologist and director of the Lung Cancer Program at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins.
Respiratory symptoms of lung cancer include:
Chronic cough: People with lung cancer often have a cough that won’t go away. A cough that lasts for at least eight weeks is considered chronic.
Repeated respiratory infections: Lung tumors can block the airway, causing frequent infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
Coughing up blood: Even if it’s just a small amount, coughing up blood or bloody mucus is a reason to call your doctor.
Shortness of breath: Lung cancer can cause the airway passage to narrow, which leads to difficulty breathing.
Hoarseness: Chronic coughing or a tumor that interferes with the vocal cords can cause people with lung cancer to have a raspy voice.
Chest pain: Lung cancer pain is due to a tumor causing tightness in the chest or pressing on nerves. You may feel pain in your chest, especially when breathing deeply, coughing or laughing.
Generalized symptoms of lung cancer include:
Bone pain
Headaches
Lumps in the neck or collarbone area
Weakness or numbness in the limbs
Swelling in the face, neck or arms
Jaundice
When to Talk to Your Doctor About Lung Cancer Screening
The best time to catch lung cancer is when it is not causing symptoms. Consequently, those at an increased risk of developing lung cancer should talk to their doctor about having routine screenings, Hales says. Screenings can offer hope for early detection, when treatment is most likely to result in cure.
People considered at high risk for developing lung cancer:
Have a history of heavy smoking (for example, smoking at least one pack a day for 30 years);
Are current smokers or former smokers who quit within the past 15 years; and
Are between the ages of 55 and 80.
Learn more about lung cancer risk factors.
If your doctor detects anything abnormal during a lung cancer screening, diagnostic tests such as imaging scans and biopsies (lung tissue sampling) are the next step.
ریه ۲ اندام اسفنج مانند در سینه است. ریه راست از ۳ بخش تشکیل یافته است که این بخشها را لوب مینامند. ریه چپ ۲ لوب دارد. ریه چپ به دلیل اینکه قلب فضای بیشتری در آن سمت بدن اشغال کرده است کوچکتر است.
وقتی نفس می کشید، هوا از دهان یا بینی توسط نای به ریه ها وارد میشود. نای به لولههایی به نام برونش تقسیم میشود که وارد ریهها می شود و در آنجا به برونشهای کوچکتری تقسیم میشود. برونشها تقسیم میشوند و شاخه های کوچکتری به نام برونشیول تشکیل میدهند. در انتهای برونشیولهای کیسههای هوایی کوچکی وجود دارد که آلوئل شناخته میشود.
آلوئل ها اکسیژن را از طریق هوای استنشاقی وارد خون میکنند و هنگام بازدم، دی اکسید کربن را از خون خارج می کنند. دریافت اکسیژن و دفع دی اکسید کربن از بدن وظیفه اصلی ریه می باشد.
سرطان ریه معمولا در سلول های پوشاننده برونش ها و بخش هایی از ریه مانند برونشیول ها یا آلوئل ها شروع می شود.
یک لایه پوششی نازک به نام پلور ریه ها را احاطه می کند. پلور از ریه ها محافظت می کند و به آنها کمک می کنند تا در حین تنفس به سمت دیواره قفسه سینه به جلو و عقب بلغزند.
در زیر ریه ها، یک عضله نازک و گنبدی شکل به نام دیافراگم، قفسه سینه را از شکم جدا میکند.
آیا می توان از سرطان ریه پیشگیری کرد؟
همه سرطانهای ریه قابل پیشگیری نیستند. اما برخی از عوامل میتوانند خطر ابتلا به سرطان ریه را کاهش دهند. مانند:
• دوری کردن از دخانیات
• اجتناب از قرار گرفتن در معرض رادون
• اجتناب از قرار گرفتن در معرض عوامل سرطان زا یا محدود کردن آنها
• داشتن رژیم غذایی سالم
سطان ریه علائم :
بیشتر سرطان های ریه تا زمانی که گسترش نیافته اند هیچ علامتی ایجاد نمی کنند، اما برخی از افراد مبتلا به سرطان ریه علایمی دارند.
شایعترین علائم سرطان ریه عبارتند از:
• سرفه ای که از بین نمی رود یا بدتر میشود.
• سرفه خونی یا خلط زنگ زده (تف یا خلط)
• درد قفسه سینه که اغلب با تنفس عمیق، سرفه یا خنده بدتر میشود.
• گرفتگی صدا
• از دست دادن اشتها
• کاهش وزن بی دلیل
• تنگی نفس
• احساس خستگی یا ضعف
• عفونت هایی مانند برونشیت یا ذات الریه که از بین نمی روند یا دوباره عود می شوند.
• شروع جدید خس خس سینه
اگر سرطان ریه به سایر نقاط گسترش یابد،ممکن است باعث ایجاد:
• درد استخوان(مانند درد درپشت یا باسن)
• تغییرات سیستم عصبی (مانند سر درد، ضعف یا بی حسی بازو یا پا، سرگیجه، مشکلات تعادل یا تشنج) تا گسترش سرطان به مغز می باشد.
• زردی پوست و چشم (یرقان) که از سرایت کردن سرطان به کبد ایجاد می شود.
• تورم غدد لنفاوی( مجموعه سلول های سیستم ایمنی بدن) مانند غدد لنفاوی گردن یا بالای استخوان ترقوه.
برخی از سرطان های ریه می توانند باعث ایجاد سندرم شوند.
درمان سرطان ریه
• جراحی NSCLC
جراحی برای برداشتن سرطان ممکن است گزینه ای برای سرطان ریه سلول غیر کوچک در مراحل اولیه باشد(NSCLC). جراحی بهترین فرصت را برای درمان بیماری فراهم می کند.
در این مقاله کمپ ترک اعتیاد فرمانیه به راه های ترک اعتیاد در خانه میپردازیم و یک بار برای همیشه به این سوال که آیا ترک اعتیاد در منزل امکانپذیر است یا خیر پاسخ میدهیم. با ما تا انتهای این مقاله همراه باشید.
برخی از افراد ترجیح میدهند روش ترک اعتیاد در منزل را بگذرانند. دلایلی که این افراد بیان میکنند این است که درمان در مراکز ترک اعتیاد وقت گیر است و زمان زیادی طول میکشد و همین طور هزینه کمپ ترک اعتیاد خصوصی زیادی نیاز دارد. برخی دیگر هم دلیل خود را ترس از مراجعه به کمپ ترک اعتیاد بیان میکنند و دلیل آن هم خبرهایی است که در مورد برخی از مراکز ترک اعتیاد بیکیفیت شنیدهاند که از روشهای نادرست مانند بستن فرد معتاد برای ترک استفاده میکنند. برخی هم به بهانه احساس راحتی بیشتر در خانه تمایل به ترک در منزل دارند. اما این افراد و کسانی که به دنبال راه های ترک اعتیاد در خانه هستند باید بدانند درمان اعتیاد در منزل نیاز به انگیزه درونی بسیار بالایی دارد و هر کسی نمیتواند این کار را انجام دهد.
ترک مواد مخدر در خانه به تنهایی برای همه افراد امکانپذیر نیست. مطالعات نشان میدهد آمار لغزش و بازگشت به مصرف مجدد مواد مخدر در افرادی که اقدام به ترک اعتیاد در منزل کردهاند نسبت به کسانی که به مراکز ترک اعتیاد معتبر مراجعه کردهاند و پروسه ترک خود را تحت نظر پزشکان و متخصصین این حوزه و با استفاده از روش های درمانی درست مانند روش درمانی ماتریکس گذراندهاند بسیار بیشتر است. بیش از 60 درصد افرادی که در خانه و به صورت خوددرمانی اقدام به ترک میکنند معمولا بعد از گذشت یک دهه دوباره به اعتیاد روی میآورند.
اما با مراجعه به مراکز ترک اعتیاد و کمک گرفتن از متخصصین این حوزه علاوه بر این که سطح انگیزه شما در سطح بالایی قرار میگیرید پروسه درمان بیماری اعتیاد به شکل اصولی برای شما انجام میشود و احتمال لغزش در آینده کمتر میشود. علاوه بر این بعد از ترک اعتیاد همچنان مشاوران با شما در ارتباط هستند و با برگزاری کلاسها و جلسات روان درمانی آموزش های مرتبط همچنان شما را مورد حمایت قرار میدهند تا بتوانید سبک زندگی درستی را در پیش بگیرید.